Clear, T. R., & Sumter, M. T. (2002). Prisoners, prison, and religion: Religion and adjustment to prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 35(3-4), 127-159.

Cobin, J. M. (forthcoming, 2026 or 2027). Suffering unjustly: Imprisonment, wrecked families, and property or wealth destruction affecting Christians in modern democratic societies.

Cobin, J. M. (forthcoming, 2026 or 2027). Bearing the cross: A gringo political prisoner exposes the injustices, indignities, and vexations of the Chilean criminal justice and prison system (5 books, Vols. I–XI).

Duwe, G., & King, M. (2013). Can faith-based correctional programs work? An outcome evaluation of the InnerChange Freedom Initiative in Minnesota. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57(7), 813-841.

Hallett, M., Hays, J., Johnson, B. R., Jang, S. J., & Duwe, G. (2017). The Angola Prison Seminary: Effects of Faith-Based Ministry on Identity Transformation, Desistance, and Rehabilitation. Routledge.

Jarrett, M., Skinner, J., Busulwa, R., Dyson, J., & Brooke, J. (2024). The role and impact of the prison chaplain: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling, 78(4), 133-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/15423050241296487

Johnson, B. R. (2011). More God, Less Crime: Why Faith Matters and How It Could Matter More. Templeton Press.

Johnson, B. R., & Larson, D. B. (2003). The InnerChange Freedom Initiative: A Preliminary Evaluation of a Faith-Based Prison Program. Center for Research on Religion and Urban Civil Society, University of Pennsylvania.

Kerley, K. R. (Ed.). (2018). Finding Freedom in Confinement: The Role of Religion in Prison Life. Praeger/ABC-CLIO.

O’Connor, T. P., & Perreyclear, M. (2002). Prison religion in action and its influence on offender rehabilitation. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 35(3-4), 11-33.

Sundt, J. L., Dammer, H. R., & Cullen, F. T. (2002). The role of the prison chaplain in rehabilitation. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 35(3-4), 59-86.

U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2018). 2018 Update on Prisoner Recidivism: A 9-Year Follow-Up Period (2005–2014). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Notes

¹ Johnson, B. R. (2011). More God, Less Crime: Why Faith Matters and How It Could Matter More. Templeton Press. Johnson addresses the selection bias problem extensively throughout the work, arguing that while no study has fully resolved the issue, the cumulative evidence across multiple studies and methodologies points toward a genuine causal effect.

² Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2018). 2018 Update on Prisoner Recidivism: A 9-Year Follow-Up Period (2005–2014). U.S. Department of Justice. The 68% figure refers to rearrest within three years; the rate climbs to approximately 83% within nine years.

³ Johnson, B. R. (2011). More God, Less Crime: Why Faith Matters and How It Could Matter More. Templeton Press. Johnson’s central argument is that “organic religion”—voluntary, community-based religious practice—is more effective than “intentional religion” imposed by programmatic structures, though both show positive effects.

⁴ Johnson, B. R., & Larson, D. B. (2003). The InnerChange Freedom Initiative: A Preliminary Evaluation of a Faith-Based Prison Program. Center for Research on Religion and Urban Civil Society, University of Pennsylvania. The 8% vs. 20% comparison refers to graduates vs. a matched comparison group. The program later faced legal challenges in Iowa; see Americans United for Separation of Church and State v. Prison Fellowship Ministries (2006).

⁵ Johnson (2011) acknowledges the graduate-only comparison as a limitation and argues for more rigorous evaluation designs in subsequent implementations.

⁶ Duwe, G., & King, M. (2013). Can faith-based correctional programs work? An outcome evaluation of the InnerChange Freedom Initiative in Minnesota. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57(7), 813-841. The propensity score matching technique used in this study represents a significant methodological advance over the Texas evaluation.

⁷ Sundt, J. L., Dammer, H. R., & Cullen, F. T. (2002). The role of the prison chaplain in rehabilitation. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 35(3-4), 59-86.

⁸ Jarrett, M., Skinner, J., Busulwa, R., Dyson, J., & Brooke, J. (2024). The role and impact of the prison chaplain: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling, 78(4), 133-143.

⁹ Hallett, M., Hays, J., Johnson, B. R., Jang, S. J., & Duwe, G. (2017). The Angola Prison Seminary: Effects of Faith-Based Ministry on Identity Transformation, Desistance, and Rehabilitation. Routledge.

¹⁰ Clear, T. R., Hardyman, P. L., Stout, B., Lucken, K., & Dammer, H. R. (2000). The value of religion in prison: An inmate perspective. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 16(1), 53-74.

¹¹ Clear, T. R., & Sumter, M. T. (2002). Prisoners, prison, and religion: Religion and adjustment to prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 35(3-4), 127-159.

¹² O’Connor, T. P., & Perreyclear, M. (2002). Prison religion in action and its influence on offender rehabilitation. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 35(3-4), 11-33.

¹³ Kerley, K. R. (Ed.). (2018). Finding Freedom in Confinement: The Role of Religion in Prison Life. Praeger/ABC-CLIO.